MA Thesis 2014

The tradition of the renunciation has been practiced in Theravāda Buddhist countries in its connection with the history of the great renunciation of Siddhattha. The practicing of renunciation has been particularly taken by those who see the sufferings of the world and to free themselves from the suffering and unhappiness. The Buddha established the example for the world persons and in order to the long life of the Saņgha, he established the principle for the Saņgha to guide the life and spirit of Monk, and so on.

The aspiration of this research is critically evaluate the ethical aspect of Buddhist Sanskrit Literature especially in the Mahāyāna Buddhism. As with other internally diverse and rich traditions Buddhism can be characterized as ethically pluralistic in part, because there are many different kinds of ethical reasoning and teaching. The Buddhist view of ethics can be found within extensive range in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature.

Pure Land Buddhism is the most popular and widely practiced Buddhist tradition in Japan. There is also a substantial number of followers in the United States, Canada and Brazil, where many Japanese immigrants started moving in the end of the 19th century.

This thesis explores the complex relationship between Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan Medicine through the seventeenth century. In analyzing this relationship, this thesis has employed Tibetan history as the organizing framework. Part One illustrates three important points that serve as the foundation for analysis throughout this thesis. First, Tibetan culture cannot be understood apart from the Indian Mahāyāna Buddhist tradition. Second, Tibetan history and politics developed in close connection with Tibetan Buddhism.

The aim of this thesis is to discuss the “Critical Examination of the Early Buddhist Monastic Duties Depicted in Vattakkhandhaka.” Nevertheless, there are many expansions that have been done with regard to the discipline of the Bhikkhus, there is not any research presenting with reference with the duties of the monk according to Vattakkhandhaka.

The Therīgāthā belongs to the Khuddha Nikāya of the Sutta Pițaka in the Pāli Tipițaka. The Pāli term ‘Kuddhaka’ can be defined as „minor‟, but it does not imply itself as „insignificant‟ or „unimportant‟. The Khuddha Nikāya was probably considered as „minor‟ in relation to the actual teaching of other text in the Pāli Canon. It is evident that the Therīgāthā, of course, it can be defined as great verses of the uplift, which have been uttered by the enlightened Buddhist therīs during the Buddha‟s time.

Due to the variety of philosophical and psychological positions found in Buddhism, a difficulty of finding out what Buddhism finally declares to be true often arises. Contingent upon this fact, Buddhist thought is sometimes even seen as contradictory in itself. In order to avoid the arising of this problem, the following work introduces the systems of thought of fundamental Buddhist schools, such as the Theravada, Madhyamaka, and Yogacara.

Influence of Buddhism in Lao’s Society, this independent study I intend to do this study. The contents of this study are based on the four important aspects, viz., Buddhism and Lao’s political, Buddhism and Lao’s Culture, Buddhism and Lao’s Education, and Buddhism and Lao’s Economic. The overall study is divided into six chapters and each chapter is based mainly on documentary study.

With regard to the human society there can be seen which take special characteristic by patterns of social relationships, between individuals who share a distinctive culture, behavior patterns and social institutions. Then, in the real sense can be introduced a society is a group of people who bound to particular territory having co-relation to each other by sharing common norms, values, tradition, and beliefs.

This Independent Study highlights the pragmatic and holistic aspects of Pāramitā has been very much a point of a discussion when talk about the Concept of the Bodhisattva. The Concept of the Bodhisattva also has been divided in to two when taken to consider two Buddhist traditions: Theravāda and Mahāyāna.

Well known Buddhism arose in sixth century B.C. India, in a society had a religious and cultural diversity. It is discussed, here the pre Buddhist meaning of Buddhist terms, Buddha, Arahant, Jina, Bodhi and etc., the gradual evolution of Buddhist system of thought throughout centuries and possible background of arising Bodhisatta and Bodhisattva doctrine in steps. Controversies among the schools, development of the glorification of Buddha, influence of other religions Indian and Middle East, and socio-psychological needs of the people paved the way to arising of the Bodhisatta or Bodhisattva ideal.

The aim of the thesis is to discuss the Philosophy of Life as Depicted in the Doctrine of Paṭiccasamuppāda. Although there are many works that have been done with regard to the philosophy of life, there is not any research presenting the philosophy of life according to the Paṭiccasamuppāda. Paṭiccasamuppāda is the core teaching of Buddhism which explains that all conditioned things occur due to the causes and conditions. Such teaching cannot be seen in other religions. It explains the natural process of the world.

It is a general pattern in any religion the diversities of the system of development is based on the personality of the founder. In Buddhism it has taken special feature with the concept of the Buddha and it has developed with biographical sketches spread in various parts of the Pāli scriptures. Among the Pāli Tipitaka volumes Majjhima Nikāya bears a most important position as a record of early parts of the Buddha’s biography.

The Independent Study highlights about bodhisattva practicing of the Critical evaluation of Bodhisattva Practice in Theravāda and Mahāyāna. Dharma’s the fundamental of the bodhisattva practices regards in both Nikāyas in order to attain full bodhisattva-hood by significance of each Nikāyas. This course is based on textual research, learning from some professors, and applying this research system in analysis and thereby works. The objectives and aims of this course are based on bodhisattva practice of the both Nikāyas’ conditions.

The Development of the concept of tathagatagarbhain early Mahayana Buddhism which originated in India and taught by the Buddha, along with the arising of the Mahayana doctrine,the tathagatagarbhaconceptwas developed to be one of the major doctrines of the Mahayanatraditions, its concept is different from the major Mahayana Schools.There are many Mahayana sutra-sand few sastra-swhich wereproduced and developed in India that based on the concept of tathagatagarbha.

The theory of dependent origination is the core teaching of Buddhism. (According to the discourses) the Doctrine of Paticca-samuppada (basically) which is rendered in English as the theory of dependent origination originally refers to (the mode of explanation adopted) the reality of the world realized by the Buddha and it was used by him to explain the origin and the cessation of suffering of the beings. According to Buddhism, without seeing the reality one cannot escape from the mass of suffering.

In Buddhism the Moon has been taken as very important religious symbol because of some religious observances days are marked according to the full moon. The various important days of the life of the Buddha also had happened on lunar days. The Buddha also has given some instruction for the disciples to follow them on lunar days. This indicates that Buddhism has selected the moon as a planet with special religious significance. This study is mainly focused to explain the religious significance of the moon according to the Buddhist context.

What is reality? What is the best way to live in harmony with reality? These two main questions have been in the forefront of philosophical discussions ever since. These were the main questions Buddha at the root of Buddhism had in mind and these were the questions the Ch'an Masters in China pursued too. Although the understanding might be the same, their names are different. Buddhism or not Buddhism, higher or lower Buddhism, these are just labels. At the top, the mountain looks the same from all sides.

每种宗教（宗派）的产生和發展，都与人的内在需要和当时的社会背景有著内在的聯係。既有穩定性，又有適應性。每一個宗教都會提出一種“全境”的學説，對人和宇宙的生成、意義提出解釋。這個架構一般不會隨意變化，這是宗教的穩定性；其二，該宗教的發展又必須合乎社會發展的要求，順應時代，適應民族特點，甚至說在今天要找到同科學對應的方式，這就是宗教的適應性。從此意義上講，越南佛教中的乞士派就是這樣，在佛教教義和社會主義社會之間找到了調和的方式，在繼承佛教優良傳統的同時，在新的社會關係中找到自己的位置。